---
title: (b) Among the Kaffirs the work of cultivating the ground fell entire… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: (b) Among the Kaffirs the work of cultivating the ground fell entirely upon the women in olden times. Who acts: work, Kaffirs. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., sentence 6

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(b) Among the Kaffirs the work of cultivating the ground fell entirely upon the women in olden times.

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**Who acts:** work, Kaffirs · **What happens:** cultivate, fall, work · **To what, where:** ground

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (work, Kaffirs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:27:6
# text = (b) Among the Kaffirs the work of cultivating the ground fell entirely upon the women in olden times.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	b	b	NUM	LS	_	6	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Among	among	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Kaffirs	Kaffir	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
9	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	cultivating	cultivate	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	entirely	entirely	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
15	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	women	woman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	olden	olden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cultivate** | gerund | the Kaffirs's work *not said here* | the ground |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ground=Product |
| 2 | **fall** | past | the Kaffirs's work |  |  |  | time | upon the women; entirely *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon woman=Location |
| 3 | **work** |  | the Kaffirs |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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