---
title: The introduction of the plough has caused a change in this respect,… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The introduction of the plough has caused a change in this respect, but to the present day the planting and weeding is performed by females. Who acts: females. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of e
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., sentence 7

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The introduction of the plough has caused a change in this respect, but to the present day the planting and weeding is performed by females.

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**Who acts:** females · **What happens:** cause, perform, introduce · **To what, where:** introduction, planting, plough

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (females), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:27:7
# text = The introduction of the plough has caused a change in this respect, but to the present day the planting and weeding is performed by females.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	introduction	introduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	plough	plough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	12	det	_	_
12	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
14	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	planting	planting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	weeding	weeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux:pass	_	_
24	performed	perform	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
25	by	by	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	females	female	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · perfect · passive |  | the introduction of the plough |  |  |  | a change *obj* | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Theme change=Eventuality |
| 2 | **perform** | present · passive | females | the planting and weeding |  |  | day |  | vn performance-26.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 3 | **introduce** |  |  | the plough |  |  |  |  | nom introduction «act transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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