---
title: Before the advent of Europeans, the largest implement that was made… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Before the advent of Europeans, the largest implement that was made was this instrument for breaking up the ground. Who acts: largest implement, instrument. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of ever
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Bird That Made Milk., sentence 9

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Before the advent of Europeans, the largest implement that was made was this instrument for breaking up the ground.

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**Who acts:** largest implement, instrument · **What happens:** make, be, break up · **To what, where:** largest implement, instrument, ground

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Bird That Made Milk.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (largest implement, instrument), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:27:9
# text = Before the advent of Europeans, the largest implement that was made was this instrument for breaking up the ground.
1	Before	before	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	advent	advent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Europeans	European	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	largest	large	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	9	amod	_	_
9	implement	implement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl:relcl	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	15	det	_	_
15	instrument	instrument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
16	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
17	breaking	break	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
18	up	up	ADP	RP	_	17	compound:prt	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past · passive |  | the largest implement |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the largest implement | this instrument |  |  | before the advent of Europeans |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **break up** | gerund | this instrument *not said here* | the ground |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ground=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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