---
title: When all is ready, four of the girls step out of the front row and d… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: When all is ready, four of the girls step out of the front row and dance, the rest singing; and when these are tired four others step out, and so on, until all the girls present have danced. Who acts: all, girls, rest, these. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Girl
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane., sentence 15

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When all is ready, four of the girls step out of the front row and dance, the rest singing; and when these are tired four others step out, and so on, until all the girls present have danced.

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**Who acts:** all, girls, rest, these, four others · **What happens:** be, step out, sing, dance · **To what, where:** front row, girls

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (all, girls, rest, these), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:30:15
# text = When all is ready, four of the girls step out of the front row and dance, the rest singing; and when these are tired four others step out, and so on, until all the girls present have danced.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
2	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	_
7	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	girls	girl	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	step	step	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
11	out	out	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	front	front	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	row	row	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	dance	dance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
21	singing	sing	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	20	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
24	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	27	mark	_	_
25	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	27	nsubj	_	_
26	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
27	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	advcl	_	_
28	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	29	nummod	_	_
29	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nsubj	_	_
30	step	step	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	_
31	out	out	ADP	RP	_	30	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
34	so	so	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	_
35	on	on	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
37	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	43	mark	_	_
38	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	40	det:predet	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	girls	girl	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	43	nsubj:pass	_	_
41	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
42	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	43	aux	_	_
43	danced	dance	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | all |  |  |  |  | four *obl*; ready *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **step out** | present | the girls | the front row and dance and the rest |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location row=Theme |
| 3 | **sing** *speech: express* | gerund | the rest *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **is** | present | these |  |  |  |  | tired *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **step out** | infinitive | four others |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **dance** | present · perfect · passive |  | all girls |  |  |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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