---
title: The dancing is continued until sunset, when the men and women return… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The dancing is continued until sunset, when the men and women return home, leaving the party of girls (called the “jaka”) who remain overnight. Who acts: men. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane., with its dependency tree 
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane., sentence 18

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The dancing is continued until sunset, when the men and women return home, leaving the party of girls (called the “jaka”) who remain overnight.

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**Who acts:** men · **What happens:** continue, return, leave, call, remain · **To what, where:** dancing, party · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of the Girl Who Disregarded the Custom of Ntonjane.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:30:18
# text = The dancing is continued until sunset, when the men and women return home, leaving the party of girls (called the “jaka”) who remain overnight.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dancing	dancing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	continued	continue	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	until	until	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	sunset	sunset	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	13	mark	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	women	woman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
13	return	return	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
14	home	home	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	29	advcl	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	girls	girl	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	_
21	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	advcl	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	jaka	jaka	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	22	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	22	punct	_	_
28	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	29	nsubj	_	_
29	remain	remain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
30	overnight	overnight	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **continue** | present · passive |  | the dancing |  |  | sunset |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **return** | present | the men and women |  |  |  |  | home *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **leave** | gerund |  | the party of girls |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent party=Theme |
| 4 | **call** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **remain** | present |  |  |  |  |  | who *nsubj*; overnight *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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