---
title: A space is marked off, within which the one chased is allowed to tak… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: A space is marked off, within which the one chased is allowed to take breath, when he is said to be in the bush. Who acts: one. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 19

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A space is marked off, within which the one chased is allowed to take breath, when he is said to be in the bush.

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**Who acts:** one · **What happens:** mark off, chase, allow, take, say, be · **To what, where:** space, one, breath, animal, bush · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:32:19
# text = A space is marked off, within which the one chased is allowed to take breath, when he is said to be in the bush.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	marked	mark	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	off	off	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
7	within	within	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	obl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	chased	chase	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	allowed	allow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	_
16	breath	breath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	21	advmod	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	conj	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
23	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	cop	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	bush	bush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mark off** | present · passive |  | a space |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: subject=Destination |
| 2 | **chase** | participle |  | the one *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **allow** | present · passive |  | the one |  |  |  | which *obl* | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **take** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the one *not said here* | breath |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent breath=Theme |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | animal |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |
| 6 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | the bush |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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