---
title: The calves of the kraal are under the care of the boys, and a good d… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The calves of the kraal are under the care of the boys, and a good deal of time is passed in training them to run and to obey signals made by whistling. Who acts: calves. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of e
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 22

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The calves of the kraal are under the care of the boys, and a good deal of time is passed in training them to run and to obey signals made by whistling.

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**Who acts:** calves · **What happens:** be, pass, run, obey, make, whistle · **To what, where:** care, good deal, training, signals, time

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (calves), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:32:22
# text = The calves of the kraal are under the care of the boys, and a good deal of time is passed in training them to run and to obey signals made by whistling.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	calves	calf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	kraal	kraal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	under	under	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	care	care	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	boys	boy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	deal	deal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	training	training	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
24	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	obj	_	_
25	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
26	run	run	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	advcl	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
28	to	to	PART	TO	_	29	mark	_	_
29	obey	obey	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	conj	_	_
30	signals	signal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	obj	_	_
31	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	30	acl	_	_
32	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
33	whistling	whistle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	31	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the calves of the kraal |  |  | the care |  | of the boys | tree rules |
| 2 | **pass** | present · passive |  | a good deal of time |  | training |  | calves *= calf* *obj* | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient they=Theme |
| 3 | **run** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **obey** | to-infinitive |  | signals |  |  |  |  | vn abide\_by-93.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent signal=Theme |
| 5 | **make** | participle |  | signals *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 6 | **whistle** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 7 | **deal** |  |  | time |  |  |  |  | nom deal «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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