---
title: This one conceals the toy in either of his hands, and throwing both… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: This one conceals the toy in either of his hands, and throwing both arms out against an opponent he announces himself either as an Inhlangano (one who meets), or an Ipambo (one who evades). Who acts: one, few. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume., with its 
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 40

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This one conceals the toy in either of his hands, and throwing both arms out against an opponent he announces himself either as an Inhlangano (one who meets), or an Ipambo (one who evades).

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**Who acts:** one, few · **What happens:** conceal, throw out, announce, meet, evade · **To what, where:** toy, either, arms, opponent, few · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one, few), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:32:40
# text = This one conceals the toy in either of his hands, and throwing both arms out against an opponent he announces himself either as an Inhlangano (one who meets), or an Ipambo (one who evades).
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	conceals	conceal	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	toy	toy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	either	either	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
13	throwing	throw	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	21	csubj	_	_
14	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	15	det	_	_
15	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	out	out	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
17	against	against	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	opponent	opponent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
20	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	announces	announce	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
22	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	21	obj	_	_
23	either	either	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	28	advmod	_	_
24	as	as	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
25	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
26	Inhlangano	Inhlangano	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
27	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	30	nsubj	_	_
29	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	30	nsubj	_	_
30	meets	meet	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
33	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
34	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	Ipambo	Ipambo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	nsubj	_	_
36	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	37	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	30	conj	_	_
38	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	39	nsubj	_	_
39	evades	evade	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	37	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **conceal** | present | this one | the toy |  | either of few's hands |  |  | vn concealment-16 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent toy=Patient in either=Location |
| 2 | **throw out** | gerund |  | both arms |  | a opponent |  | out *property* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent arm=Theme against opponent=Destination |
| 3 | **announce** *speech: other* | present | few | few |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent himself=Theme |
| 4 | **meet** | present | a one  Inhlangano |  |  |  |  | who *nsubj* | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **evade** | present |  |  |  |  |  | who *nsubj* | vn avoid-52 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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- ← previous: [sentence 39](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/32/39/)
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- ↑ back to [The Story of Sikulume.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/32/)