---
title: The clenched hands are then opened, and if the toys are found to mee… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The clenched hands are then opened, and if the toys are found to meet, the first player wins if he has called himself an inhlangano, or loses if an ipambo. Who acts: toys, first player, hand. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume., with its dependency tree an
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 42

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The clenched hands are then opened, and if the toys are found to meet, the first player wins if he has called himself an inhlangano, or loses if an ipambo.

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**Who acts:** toys, first player, hand · **What happens:** clench, open, find, meet, win, call · **To what, where:** clenched hands, toys, hand, ipambo · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (toys, first player, hand), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:32:42
# text = The clenched hands are then opened, and if the toys are found to meet, the first player wins if he has called himself an inhlangano, or loses if an ipambo.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	clenched	clench	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
6	opened	open	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
9	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	toys	toy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	meet	meet	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	19	amod	_	_
19	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
20	wins	win	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
21	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
22	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
23	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
24	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	20	advcl	_	_
25	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	24	obj	_	_
26	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	inhlangano	inhlangano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	loses	lose	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	conj	_	_
31	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
32	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	ipambo	ipambo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clench** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **open** | present · passive |  | the clenched hands |  |  | then |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **find** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · passive |  | the toys |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 4 | **meet** | to-infinitive | the toys *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **win** | present | the first player |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **call** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · perfect | hand | hand |  |  |  | a inhlangano *xcomp* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent himself=Recipient |
| 7 | **lose** | present | the first player *not said here* | a ipambo |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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