---
title: Those two then play against each other, and the one who is beaten is… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Those two then play against each other, and the one who is beaten is said to be left with the umnyadala, and is laughed at. Who acts: Those. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 46

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Those two then play against each other, and the one who is beaten is said to be left with the umnyadala, and is laughed at.

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**Who acts:** Those · **What happens:** play, beat, say, leave, laugh · **To what, where:** one · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Those), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:32:46
# text = Those two then play against each other, and the one who is beaten is said to be left with the umnyadala, and is laughed at.
1	Those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	1	appos	_	_
3	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
4	play	play	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	against	against	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	4	obl	_	_
7	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	beaten	beat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl:relcl	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
18	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	xcomp	_	_
20	with	with	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	umnyadala	umnyadala	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux:pass	_	_
26	laughed	laugh	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
27	at	at	ADP	IN	_	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | present | Those |  |  |  | then | against each | vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **beat** | present · passive |  | the one |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | the one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **leave** | to-infinitive · passive |  |  |  |  |  | with the umnyadala | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: with umnyadala=Theme |
| 5 | **laugh** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V» |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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