---
title: Besides the use which it is put to by the lads, when a little child… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Besides the use which it is put to by the lads, when a little child is crying inside a hut its mother or nurse will sometimes get a boy to make a noise with a nodiwu outside, and then induce the child to be still by pretending that a monster is coming to devour it. Who acts: lads, little child, moth
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 65

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Besides the use which it is put to by the lads, when a little child is crying inside a hut its mother or nurse will sometimes get a boy to make a noise with a nodiwu outside, and then induce the child to be still by pretending that a monster is coming to devour it.

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**Who acts:** lads, little child, mother, boy, you, monster · **What happens:** put, cry, get, make, induce, pretend · **To what, where:** use, hut, boy, noise, child, nodiwu

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lads, little child, mother, boy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:32:65
# text = Besides the use which it is put to by the lads, when a little child is crying inside a hut its mother or nurse will sometimes get a boy to make a noise with a nodiwu outside, and then induce the child to be still by pretending that a monster is coming to devour it.
1	Besides	besides	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obl	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	put	put	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	obl	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	lads	lad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
13	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	18	advmod	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	crying	cry	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	acl	_	_
19	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	hut	hut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
22	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	mother	mother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	nurse	nurse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
26	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	28	aux	_	_
27	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	28	advmod	_	_
28	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	acl:relcl	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	32	mark	_	_
32	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	28	xcomp	_	_
33	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	_
35	with	with	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	nodiwu	nodiwu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	_
38	outside	outside	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
40	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
41	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	42	advmod	_	_
42	induce	induce	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
44	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obj	_	_
45	to	to	PART	TO	_	49	mark	_	_
46	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	49	aux	_	_
47	still	still	ADV	RB	_	49	advmod	_	_
48	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	49	mark	_	_
49	pretending	pretend	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	42	advcl	_	_
50	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	54	mark	_	_
51	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	52	det	_	_
52	monster	monster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	54	nsubj	_	_
53	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	54	aux	_	_
54	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	49	advcl	_	_
55	to	to	PART	TO	_	56	mark	_	_
56	devour	devour	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	54	xcomp	_	_
57	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	56	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	42	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | present · passive | the lads | the use |  |  |  | nodiwu *nsubj:pass* | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent subject=Goal |
| 2 | **cry** *speech: express* | present · progressive | a little child |  |  | a hut |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme inside hut=Location |
| 3 | **get** | future | nodiwu's mother or nurse | a boy |  |  |  | sometimes *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **make** | to-infinitive | a boy *not said here* | a noise |  |  |  | with a nodiwu; outside *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset noise=Product |
| 5 | **induce** | imperative | you *not said here* | the child |  |  | then | besides the use | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent child=Patient |
| 6 | **pretend** | to-infinitive · progressive | you *not said here* |  |  |  | still |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **come** | present · progressive | a monster |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 8 | **devour** | to-infinitive | a monster *not said here* | nodiwu |  |  |  |  | vn devour-39.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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