---
title: The knobbed stick and the imitation assagai are thrown in different… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: The knobbed stick and the imitation assagai are thrown in different ways, the object of the first being to inflict a heavy blow upon the mark aimed at, while that of the last is to pierce it. Who acts: last. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume., with its de
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 7

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The knobbed stick and the imitation assagai are thrown in different ways, the object of the first being to inflict a heavy blow upon the mark aimed at, while that of the last is to pierce it.

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**Who acts:** last · **What happens:** throw, inflict, aim, be · **To what, where:** knobbed stick, different ways, heavy blow, mark

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (last), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:32:7
# text = The knobbed stick and the imitation assagai are thrown in different ways, the object of the first being to inflict a heavy blow upon the mark aimed at, while that of the last is to pierce it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	knobbed	knobbed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	imitation	imitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	assagai	assagai	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	thrown	throw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	ways	way	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	object	object	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
18	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	32	amod	_	_
19	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	32	cop	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	inflict	inflict	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	32	advcl	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	blow	blow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
25	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
28	aimed	aim	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	27	acl	_	_
29	at	at	ADP	IN	_	28	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
31	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	32	mark	_	_
32	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	15	nmod	_	_
33	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	38	mark	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	nsubj	_	_
36	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	38	cop	_	_
37	to	to	PART	TO	_	38	mark	_	_
38	pierce	pierce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	32	advcl	_	_
39	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	38	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw** | present · passive |  | the knobbed stick and the imitation assagai |  | different ways |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: subject=Theme in way=Destination |
| 2 | **inflict** | to-infinitive |  | a heavy blow |  |  |  | upon the mark | tree rules |
| 3 | **aim** | participle |  | the mark *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn wish-62 «NP V for NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |
| 4 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | of that | tree rules |
| 5 | **is** | present | the last |  |  |  |  | blow *obj*; pierce *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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