---
title: I have greatly reduced this story in bulk by leaving out endless rep… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: I have greatly reduced this story in bulk by leaving out endless repetitions of exactly the same trick, but performed upon different individuals or animals. Who acts: I, same trick. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana., with its dependency tree and the pr
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Hlakanyana., sentence 1

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I have greatly reduced this story in bulk by leaving out endless repetitions of exactly the same trick, but performed upon different individuals or animals.

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**Who acts:** I, same trick · **What happens:** reduce, leave out, perform, repeat · **To what, where:** story, bulk, endless repetitions

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Hlakanyana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, same trick), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:33:1
# text = I have greatly reduced this story in bulk by leaving out endless repetitions of exactly the same trick, but performed upon different individuals or animals.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	greatly	greatly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	reduced	reduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	bulk	bulk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
11	out	out	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	endless	endless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	repetitions	repetition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	trick	trick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	performed	perform	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
22	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	individuals	individual	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	_
25	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reduce** | present · perfect | I | this story |  | bulk |  | greatly *property* | vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer story=Patient |
| 2 | **leave out** | gerund | I *not said here* | endless repetitions of the same trick |  |  |  |  | vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent repetition=Theme |
| 3 | **perform** | participle | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  | upon different individuals or animals | vn performance-26.7 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **repeat** |  | the same trick |  |  |  |  |  | nom repetition «event intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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- ← previous: [The Story of Sikulume., 68](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/32/68/)
- next →: [sentence 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/33/2/)
- ↑ back to [The Story of Hlakanyana.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg71335/33/)