---
title: Males, when addressing any of these relations older than themselves,… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Males, when addressing any of these relations older than themselves, use the word mkuluwa; and when addressing one younger than themselves say mninawe. Who acts: Males. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Demane and Demazana., with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Demane and Demazana., sentence 16

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Males, when addressing any of these relations older than themselves, use the word mkuluwa; and when addressing one younger than themselves say mninawe.

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**Who acts:** Males · **What happens:** address, use, say · **To what, where:** any, word mkuluwa, mninawe · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Demane and Demazana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Males), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:34:16
# text = Males, when addressing any of these relations older than themselves, use the word mkuluwa; and when addressing one younger than themselves say mninawe.
1	Males	male	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
4	addressing	address	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	acl	_	_
5	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	relations	relation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	amod	_	_
10	than	than	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	mkuluwa	mkuluwa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	20	advmod	_	_
20	addressing	address	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
21	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	22	nummod	_	_
22	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	20	xcomp	_	_
23	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
24	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	25	nsubj	_	_
25	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	advcl	_	_
26	mninawe	mninawe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **address** | gerund |  | any of this relations |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent any=Destination |
| 2 | **use** | infinitive | Males | the word mkuluwa |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mkuluwa=Patient |
| 3 | **address** | gerund | Males *not said here* |  |  |  |  | young *property* | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Males *= male* | mninawe |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent mninawe=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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