---
title: Females, when speaking to any of these relations younger than themse… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: Females, when speaking to any of these relations younger than themselves, usually say msakwetu. Who acts: Females. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Demane and Demazana., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Demane and Demazana., sentence 18

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Females, when speaking to any of these relations younger than themselves, usually say msakwetu.

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**Who acts:** Females · **What happens:** speak, say · **To what, where:** msakwetu · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Demane and Demazana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Females), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:34:18
# text = Females, when speaking to any of these relations younger than themselves, usually say msakwetu.
1	Females	female	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
4	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	acl	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	relations	relation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
10	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
11	than	than	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
14	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	msakwetu	msakwetu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | to any of this relations | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to any=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Females | msakwetu |  |  |  | usually *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent msakwetu=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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