---
title: [2] A Kaffir who went with the mission party from Lovedale to Lake N… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: [2] A Kaffir who went with the mission party from Lovedale to Lake Nyassa, and remained there several years, informs me that he found the Imfumba the commonest game of the children in that part of Africa. Who acts: Lake. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of Lion and Litt
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, Story of Lion and Little Jackal., sentence 7

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\[2\] A Kaffir who went with the mission party from Lovedale to Lake Nyassa, and remained there several years, informs me that he found the Imfumba the commonest game of the children in that part of Africa.

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**Who acts:** Lake · **What happens:** go, remain, inform, find · **To what, where:** Kaffir, Lake, me, Imfumba, part

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Story of Lion and Little Jackal.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lake), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:39:7
# text = [2] A Kaffir who went with the mission party from Lovedale to Lake Nyassa, and remained there several years, informs me that he found the Imfumba the commonest game of the children in that part of Africa.
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	2	2	NUM	LS	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Kaffir	Kaffir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	mission	mission	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Lovedale	Lovedale	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Lake	Lake	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
16	Nyassa	Nyassa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	remained	remain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
20	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	19	advmod	_	_
21	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	informs	inform	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
25	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	24	obj	_	_
26	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	28	mark	_	_
27	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
28	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	advcl	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	Imfumba	Imfumba	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	commonest	common	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	33	amod	_	_
33	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	_
37	in	in	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	39	det	_	_
39	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
40	of	of	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
41	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past |  | a Kaffir |  | Lake |  | with the mission party from Lovedale; who *nsubj* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to lake=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **remain** | past |  |  |  | there | year |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **inform** *speech: other* | present |  |  | me |  |  |  | vn tell-37.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent i=Recipient |
| 4 | **find** | past | Lake | the Imfumba |  | that part of Africa |  | the commonest game of the children *obj* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent imfumba=Theme game=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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