---
title: They ordered it as their father used to order it, and it made milk,… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: They ordered it as their father used to order it, and it made milk, which their companions drank, for they were very hungry. Who acts: others, father, cause, companions. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of the Bird That Made Milk. II., with its dependency tree and t
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of the Bird That Made Milk. II., sentence 61

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They ordered it as their father used to order it, and it made milk, which their companions drank, for they were very hungry.

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**Who acts:** others, father, cause, companions · **What happens:** order, use, make, drink, be · **To what, where:** cause, milk

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of the Bird That Made Milk. II.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (others, father, cause, companions), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:4:61
# text = They ordered it as their father used to order it, and it made milk, which their companions drank, for they were very hungry.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ordered	order	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	order	order	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
15	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	obj	_	_
18	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	companions	companion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
20	drank	drink	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
22	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
23	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
24	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
25	very	very	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
26	hungry	hungry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **order** | past | others *= other* | cause |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | past | others's father |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **order** | to-infinitive | others's father *not said here* | cause |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 4 | **make** | past | cause | milk |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material milk=Product |
| 5 | **drink** | past | others's companions | milk |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Patient |
| 6 | **is** | past | others *= other* |  |  |  |  | hungry *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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