---
title: During this time the girl that was first born was growing up in the… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: During this time the girl that was first born was growing up in the valley where her mother left her; she lived in a hole in an ant-heap, and ate honey, and “nongwes,” and gum. Who acts: girl, mother, nongwes. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Simbukumbukwana., wi
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Simbukumbukwana., sentence 16

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During this time the girl that was first born was growing up in the valley where her mother left her; she lived in a hole in an ant-heap, and ate honey, and “nongwes,” and gum.

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**Who acts:** girl, mother, nongwes · **What happens:** bear, grow up, leave, live, eat, gum · **To what, where:** girl, time, valley, hole, honey

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Simbukumbukwana.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (girl, mother, nongwes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:8:16
# text = During this time the girl that was first born was growing up in the valley where her mother left her; she lived in a hole in an ant-heap, and ate honey, and “nongwes,” and gum.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
8	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	9	advmod	_	_
9	born	bear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	acl:relcl	_	_
12	up	up	ADP	RP	_	11	compound:prt	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
16	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	19	advmod	_	_
17	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	mother	mother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
19	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	_
20	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
22	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
28	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
29	ant	ant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	heap	heap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
34	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	conj	_	_
35	honey	honey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	43	cc	_	_
38	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	nongwes	nongwe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	43	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	39	punct	_	_
42	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	43	cc	_	_
43	gum	gum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	23	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bear** | past · passive |  | the girl |  |  |  | first *property* | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **grow up** | past · progressive | the girl | this time *not said here* |  | the valley |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location time=Theme |
| 3 | **leave** | past | girl's mother | girl |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent she=Theme |
| 4 | **live** | past | mother |  |  | a hole in a ant heap | time |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in hole=Location |
| 5 | **eat** | past | mother *not said here* | honey |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent honey=Patient |
| 6 | **gum** |  | nongwes |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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