---
title: When he was a young man, Sikulume said to his friends: “I am going t… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: When he was a young man, Sikulume said to his friends: “I am going to marry the daughter of Mangangezulu.” Who acts: man, young man. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 106

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When he was a young man, Sikulume said to his friends: “I am going to marry the daughter of Mangangezulu.”

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**Who acts:** man, young man · **What happens:** be, say, go, marry · **To what, where:** young man, friends, daughter · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (man, young man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:9:106
# text = When he was a young man, Sikulume said to his friends: “I am going to marry the daughter of Mangangezulu.”
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	Sikulume	Sikulume	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
14	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	ccomp	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	marry	marry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	daughter	daughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	Mangangezulu	Mangangezulu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | man | a young man |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | a young man |  | Sikulume's friends |  |  | Sikulume *nsubj* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to friend=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **go** *in a quote* | present · progressive | a young man *= man* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **marry** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | a young man *= man* *not said here* | the daughter of Mangangezulu |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent daughter=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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