---
title: A storm of rain fell, when Sikulume spread out his mantle and it bec… — Kaffir folk-lore · tree and pragmatics
description: A storm of rain fell, when Sikulume spread out his mantle and it became a hut as hard as stone, into which they all went. Who acts: storm, Sikulume, cattle, rain. A sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every cla
---

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# Kaffir folk-lore, The Story of Sikulume., sentence 128

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A storm of rain fell, when Sikulume spread out his mantle and it became a hut as hard as stone, into which they all went.

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**Who acts:** storm, Sikulume, cattle, rain · **What happens:** fall, spread out, become, go, storm · **To what, where:** mantle, hut

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This is a sentence of «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, The Story of Sikulume.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (storm, Sikulume, cattle, rain), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg71335:9:128
# text = A storm of rain fell, when Sikulume spread out his mantle and it became a hut as hard as stone, into which they all went.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	Sikulume	Sikulume	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
10	out	out	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	hut	hut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	xcomp	_	_
18	as	as	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	15	advmod	_	_
20	as	as	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
23	into	into	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	obl	_	_
25	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
26	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	27	advmod	_	_
27	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | a storm of rain |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **spread out** | past | Sikulume | Sikulume's mantle |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location mantle=Theme |
| 3 | **become** | past | storm | a hut |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **go** | past | cattle |  |  |  |  | which *obl* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into which=Initial\_Location |
| 5 | **storm** |  | rain |  |  |  |  |  | nom storm «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Kaffir folk-lore» by George McCall Theal, Project Gutenberg book 71335 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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