---
title: ‘Winter is here,’ they said, ‘and it is time to fly to other countri… — The Green Fairy Book · tree and pragmatics
description: ‘Winter is here,’ they said, ‘and it is time to fly to other countries.’ Who acts: Winter, crows, One. A sentence of «The Green Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Enchanted Watch, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Green Fairy Book, The Enchanted Watch, sentence 66

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‘Winter is here,’ they said, ‘and it is time to fly to other countries.’

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**Who acts:** Winter, crows, One · **What happens:** be, say, fly · **To what, where:** time · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Green Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, The Enchanted Watch. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Winter, crows, One), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher.** This tree is Mova's own parse (the `en` model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg7277:8:66
# text = ‘Winter is here,’ they said, ‘and it is time to fly to other countries.’
1	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Winter	Winter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
10	‘	‘	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	acl	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Winter |  |  |  |  | here *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | crows *= crow* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present | One | time |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **fly** | to-infinitive | crows *= crow* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to other countries *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to country=Result |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Green Fairy Book» by Andrew Lang, Project Gutenberg book 7277 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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