---
title: Perhaps they are wise enough now to read the signs made by the iron… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Perhaps they are wise enough now to read the signs made by the iron trails across the Dakota prairies, and their children know that what Ietan said was true. Who acts: words, children, Ietan. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Traits, with it
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Traits, sentence 27

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Perhaps they are wise enough now to read the signs made by the iron trails across the Dakota prairies, and their children know that what Ietan said was true.

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**Who acts:** words, children, Ietan · **What happens:** be, read, make, know, say · **To what, where:** signs · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Traits. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (words, children, Ietan), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:10:27
# text = Perhaps they are wise enough now to read the signs made by the iron trails across the Dakota prairies, and their children know that what Ietan said was true.
1	Perhaps	perhaps	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	wise	wise	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	csubj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	signs	sign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	trails	trail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
16	across	across	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	Dakota	Dakota	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	prairies	prairie	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
22	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nsubj	_	_
24	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
25	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	30	mark	_	_
26	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	30	nsubj	_	_
27	Ietan	Ietan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
28	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	acl:relcl	_	_
29	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	cop	_	_
30	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | words *= word* |  |  |  | now | enough, perhaps, wise *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **read** | to-infinitive |  | the signs |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sign=Topic |
| 3 | **make** | participle |  | the signs *not said here* |  |  |  | by the iron trails across the Dakota prairies | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 4 | **know** | present | words's children |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Ietan |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **is** | past |  |  |  |  |  | what *nsubj*; true *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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