---
title: Indian boys are taught by both parents from early childhood to bear… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Indian boys are taught by both parents from early childhood to bear their pain silently. Who acts: parents, boys. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Traits, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Traits, sentence 6

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Indian boys are taught by both parents from early childhood to bear their pain silently.

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**Who acts:** parents, boys · **What happens:** teach, bear, pain · **To what, where:** Indian boys, early childhood, pain

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Traits. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (parents, boys), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:10:6
# text = Indian boys are taught by both parents from early childhood to bear their pain silently.
1	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	boys	boy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	taught	teach	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	childhood	childhood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	bear	bear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
13	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	pain	pain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	silently	silently	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **teach** *speech: other* | present · passive | both parents | Indian boys |  | early childhood |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Recipient |
| 2 | **bear** | to-infinitive | both parents *not said here* | boys's pain |  |  |  | silently *property* | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pain=Patient |
| 3 | **pain** |  | boys *= boy* |  |  |  |  |  | nom pain «state transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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