---
title: Their long trails or paths over mountains, through thick forests, ac… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Their long trails or paths over mountains, through thick forests, across treeless plains, with no compass but the North Star, have made them watchful of every earthly means of finding their way. Who acts: watchful. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd,
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Traits, sentence 8

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Their long trails or paths over mountains, through thick forests, across treeless plains, with no compass but the North Star, have made them watchful of every earthly means of finding their way.

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**Who acts:** watchful · **What happens:** make, mean, find · **To what, where:** long trails, way

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Traits. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (watchful), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:10:8
# text = Their long trails or paths over mountains, through thick forests, across treeless plains, with no compass but the North Star, have made them watchful of every earthly means of finding their way.
1	Their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	trails	trail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	paths	path	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	through	through	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	forests	forest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	across	across	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	treeless	treeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	plains	plain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	19	det	_	_
19	compass	compass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
20	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	Star	Star	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
25	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
26	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
27	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	obj	_	_
28	watchful	watchful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	nsubj	_	_
29	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	31	mark	_	_
30	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	31	det	_	_
31	earthly	earthly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	nsubj	_	_
32	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	parataxis	_	_
33	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	34	mark	_	_
34	finding	find	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	32	advcl	_	_
35	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	36	nmod:poss	_	_
36	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	26	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · perfect · passive |  | boys's long trails or paths over mountains and thick forests and treeless plains with no compass but the North Star |  |  |  | boys *= boy* *obj* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary they=Product |
| 2 | **mean** | present | watchful |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **find** | gerund | watchful *not said here* | boys's way |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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