---
title: An Indian left his lodge for several days; when he came back, the dr… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: An Indian left his lodge for several days; when he came back, the dried deer meat which he had left hanging to a tree near his wigwam was gone. Who acts: Indian, he, dried deer meat, wigwam. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indian’s Eye Traini
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, The Indian’s Eye Training, sentence 1

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An Indian left his lodge for several days; when he came back, the dried deer meat which he had left hanging to a tree near his wigwam was gone.

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**Who acts:** Indian, he, dried deer meat, wigwam · **What happens:** leave, come back, dry, hang, be · **To what, where:** lodge, dried deer meat

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indian’s Eye Training. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indian, he, dried deer meat, wigwam), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:11:1
# text = An Indian left his lodge for several days; when he came back, the dried deer meat which he had left hanging to a tree near his wigwam was gone.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	nsubj	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	lodge	lodge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
13	back	back	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
16	dried	dry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	amod	_	_
17	deer	deer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
19	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
21	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	acl:relcl	_	_
23	hanging	hang	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	22	xcomp	_	_
24	to	to	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
27	near	near	ADP	IN	_	31	mark	_	_
28	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	wigwam	wigwam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nsubj	_	_
30	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	31	cop	_	_
31	gone	gone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | a Indian | his lodge |  |  | day |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lodge=Theme |
| 2 | **come back** | past | he |  |  |  |  | the dried deer meat *conj* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **dry** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **leave** | past · perfect · passive |  | the dried deer meat |  |  |  | he *nsubj* | tree rules |
| 5 | **hang** | gerund | the dried deer meat *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to a tree | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **is** | past | his wigwam |  |  |  |  | gone *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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