---
title: The Indian pony or cayuse sometimes carries a load under which a don… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The Indian pony or cayuse sometimes carries a load under which a donkey could hardly move; but he takes his own gait, and keeps it too. Who acts: Indian pony, donkey, pony. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indian At Home, with its dependency t
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, The Indian At Home, sentence 31

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The Indian pony or cayuse sometimes carries a load under which a donkey could hardly move; but he takes his own gait, and keeps it too.

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**Who acts:** Indian pony, donkey, pony · **What happens:** carry, move, take, keep · **To what, where:** load, own gait, gait

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indian At Home. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indian pony, donkey, pony), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:13:31
# text = The Indian pony or cayuse sometimes carries a load under which a donkey could hardly move; but he takes his own gait, and keeps it too.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	pony	pony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	cayuse	cayuse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	7	advmod	_	_
7	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	load	load	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	under	under	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	obl	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	donkey	donkey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
14	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	hardly	hardly	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
18	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
21	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
22	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	gait	gait	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	conj	_	_
27	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	obj	_	_
28	too	too	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | the Indian pony or cayuse | a load |  |  |  | sometimes *property* | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme |
| 2 | **move** | could | a donkey |  |  |  |  | which *obl*; hardly *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme under which=Trajectory |
| 3 | **take** | present | pony | pony's own gait |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gait=Theme |
| 4 | **keep** | present | pony *not said here* | gait |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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