---
title: He espied an Indian on the forward deck who was making his toilet, a… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: He espied an Indian on the forward deck who was making his toilet, apparently unaware that a paleface was watching the process. Who acts: traveler, forward deck, paleface. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indian At Home, with its dependency tr
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, The Indian At Home, sentence 4

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He espied an Indian on the forward deck who was making his toilet, apparently unaware that a paleface was watching the process.

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**Who acts:** traveler, forward deck, paleface · **What happens:** espy, make, watch · **To what, where:** Indian, forward deck, toilet, process

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indian At Home. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (traveler, forward deck, paleface), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:13:4
# text = He espied an Indian on the forward deck who was making his toilet, apparently unaware that a paleface was watching the process.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	espied	espy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	forward	forward	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	deck	deck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	acl:relcl	_	_
12	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	toilet	toilet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	apparently	apparently	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	unaware	unaware	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
17	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	paleface	paleface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	watching	watch	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	advcl	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	process	process	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **espy** | past | traveler | a Indian |  | the forward deck |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer indian=Stimulus |
| 2 | **make** | past · progressive | the forward deck | traveler's toilet |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toilet=Product |
| 3 | **watch** | past · progressive | a paleface | the process |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent process=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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