---
title: The rain came and he was lost, so he cut the bark from a tree and ma… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The rain came and he was lost, so he cut the bark from a tree and made with his tomahawk a picture of a fox. Who acts: rain. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every 
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, sentence 2

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The rain came and he was lost, so he cut the bark from a tree and made with his tomahawk a picture of a fox.

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**Who acts:** rain · **What happens:** come, lose, cut, make · **To what, where:** rain, bark, tree

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rain), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:14:2
# text = The rain came and he was lost, so he cut the bark from a tree and made with his tomahawk a picture of a fox.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	cut	cut	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	tomahawk	tomahawk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	appos	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the rain |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **lose** | past · passive |  | rain |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 3 | **cut** | past | rain | the bark |  | a tree |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.product PP.material»: agent=Agent bark=Product from tree=Material |
| 4 | **make** | participle | rain *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with rain's tomahawk | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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