---
title: A Dakota warrior shot an arrow into the sky; the clouds parted just… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: A Dakota warrior shot an arrow into the sky; the clouds parted just as his arrow turned to fall. Who acts: Dakota warrior, clouds, arrow. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, with its dependency tree and the pragmat
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, sentence 21

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A Dakota warrior shot an arrow into the sky; the clouds parted just as his arrow turned to fall.

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**Who acts:** Dakota warrior, clouds, arrow · **What happens:** shoot, part, turn, fall · **To what, where:** arrow, sky

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dakota warrior, clouds, arrow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:14:21
# text = A Dakota warrior shot an arrow into the sky; the clouds parted just as his arrow turned to fall.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Dakota	Dakota	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	warrior	warrior	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	shot	shoot	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	arrow	arrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	parted	part	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
14	just	just	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
15	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	arrow	arrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	advcl	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	fall	fall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shoot** | past | a Dakota warrior | a arrow |  | the sky |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent arrow=Theme into sky=Destination |
| 2 | **part** | past | the clouds |  |  |  |  |  | vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **turn** | past | warrior's arrow |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **fall** | to-infinitive | warrior's arrow *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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