---
title: The first boy is called Chaska, until by some feat of bravery he cha… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The first boy is called Chaska, until by some feat of bravery he changes it himself. Who acts: Sioux. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, sentence 26

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The first boy is called Chaska, until by some feat of bravery he changes it himself.

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**Who acts:** Sioux · **What happens:** call, change · **To what, where:** first boy, bravery · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Sioux), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:14:26
# text = The first boy is called Chaska, until by some feat of bravery he changes it himself.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	3	amod	_	_
3	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	Chaska	Chaska	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
8	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
11	feat	feat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	bravery	bravery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | the first boy |  |  |  | Chaska *xcomp* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 2 | **change** | present | Sioux | bravery |  |  |  | by some feat of bravery | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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