---
title: He knew the lost one was very weak and hungry, for the last fox pict… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: He knew the lost one was very weak and hungry, for the last fox picture had three circles to show that he had been lost three days, and other marks to show that he had shot nothing. Who acts: rain, lost one, last fox picture. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Cath
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/14/8/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Wigwam stories told by North American…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/) / [Meaning of Indian Totems and Names](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/14/) / 8

# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names, sentence 8

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He knew the lost one was very weak and hungry, for the last fox picture had three circles to show that he had been lost three days, and other marks to show that he had shot nothing.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** rain, lost one, last fox picture · **What happens:** know, lose, be, have, show, shoot · **To what, where:** three circles, rain · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Meaning of Indian Totems and Names. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rain, lost one, last fox picture), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:14:8
# text = He knew the lost one was very weak and hungry, for the last fox picture had three circles to show that he had been lost three days, and other marks to show that he had shot nothing.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	hungry	hungry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
15	fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
17	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
18	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
19	circles	circle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	advcl	_	_
22	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
23	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
24	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
25	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	26	aux:pass	_	_
26	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	ccomp	_	_
27	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	28	nummod	_	_
28	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
31	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	parataxis	_	_
33	to	to	PART	TO	_	34	mark	_	_
34	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	32	acl	_	_
35	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	38	mark	_	_
36	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	38	nsubj:pass	_	_
37	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	38	aux	_	_
38	shot	shoot	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	34	ccomp	_	_
39	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	38	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | past | rain |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **lose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | past | the lost one |  |  |  |  | other marks *parataxis*; weak *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | the lost one *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **have** | past | the last fox picture | three circles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent circle=Patient |
| 6 | **show** | to-infinitive | the last fox picture *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 7 | **lose** | past · perfect · passive |  | rain |  |  | day |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 8 | **show** | to-infinitive | the lost one *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 9 | **shoot** | past · perfect · passive |  | rain |  |  |  | nothing *obj* | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Destination nothing=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [sentence 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/14/7/)
- next →: [sentence 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/14/9/)
- ↑ back to [Meaning of Indian Totems and Names](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/14/)