---
title: The Indians of California were originally very brave and warlike, bu… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The Indians of California were originally very brave and warlike, but the remnants of the tribes are broken in spirit and seem broken-hearted. Who acts: Indians. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes, wit
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes, sentence 20

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The Indians of California were originally very brave and warlike, but the remnants of the tribes are broken in spirit and seem broken-hearted.

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**Who acts:** Indians · **What happens:** be, break, seem · **To what, where:** remnants, spirit

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indians), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:16:20
# text = The Indians of California were originally very brave and warlike, but the remnants of the tribes are broken in spirit and seem broken-hearted.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Indians	Indian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	California	California	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	originally	originally	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	warlike	warlike	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
12	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	remnants	remnant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	tribes	tribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
18	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	parataxis	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	spirit	spirit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	seem	seem	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	conj	_	_
24	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	hearted	hearted	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the Indians of California |  |  |  |  | brave, originally *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the Indians of California *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **break** | present · passive |  | the remnants of the tribes |  | spirit |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **seem** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 5 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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