---
title: Shells were carved with sharp tools and used as ornaments, or cut sm… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Shells were carved with sharp tools and used as ornaments, or cut small into wampum. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes, sentence 25

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Shells were carved with sharp tools and used as ornaments, or cut small into wampum.

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**What happens:** carve, use, cut · **To what, where:** Shells

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:16:25
# text = Shells were carved with sharp tools and used as ornaments, or cut small into wampum.
1	Shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	carved	carve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	tools	tool	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	ornaments	ornament	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
14	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	_
15	into	into	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	wampum	wampum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carve** | past · passive |  | Shells |  |  |  | with sharp tools | vn carve-21.2-2 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Patient with tool=Instrument |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | ornaments *obl:agent* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **cut** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | into wampum; small *property* | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent into wampum=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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