---
title: The Indians do not seem to have used iron before white men came, and… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The Indians do not seem to have used iron before white men came, and were living in what history would call the Stone Age. Who acts: Indians, white men, history. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes, wit
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes, sentence 31

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The Indians do not seem to have used iron before white men came, and were living in what history would call the Stone Age.

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**Who acts:** Indians, white men, history · **What happens:** not seem, use, come, live, call · **To what, where:** iron, Stone Age · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Customs of Kickapoo, Seminole, and Other Tribes. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indians, white men, history), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:16:31
# text = The Indians do not seem to have used iron before white men came, and were living in what history would call the Stone Age.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Indians	Indian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	seem	seem	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
7	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	xcomp	_	_
9	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	xcomp	_	_
10	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
11	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	living	live	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	22	obj	_	_
20	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
21	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	call	call	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	parataxis	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	Stone	Stone	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	Age	Age	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **seem** | present · do-support | the Indians |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 2 | **use** | to-infinitive · perfect | the Indians *not said here* | iron |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **come** | past | white men |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **live** | past · progressive | white men *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **call** | would | history | the Stone Age |  |  |  | what *obj* | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent what=Theme age=Result |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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