---
title: Cliff-dwellings have been found that are entirely deserted, built by… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Cliff-dwellings have been found that are entirely deserted, built by a very ancient people of whom we know little. Who acts: we. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indians Who Live in Brick Houses, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of 
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, The Indians Who Live in Brick Houses, sentence 18

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Cliff-dwellings have been found that are entirely deserted, built by a very ancient people of whom we know little.

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**Who acts:** we · **What happens:** find, desert, build, know · **To what, where:** Cliff dwellings, that, little · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indians Who Live in Brick Houses. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:17:18
# text = Cliff-dwellings have been found that are entirely deserted, built by a very ancient people of whom we know little.
1	Cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	dwellings	dwelling	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
9	entirely	entirely	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	deserted	desert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
15	very	very	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl:agent	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	17	nmod	_	_
20	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	acl:relcl	_	_
22	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | present · perfect · passive |  | Cliff dwellings |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 2 | **desert** | present · passive |  | that |  |  |  | entirely *property* | vn leave-51.2-1 «NP V NP.initial\_location»: subject=Source |
| 3 | **build** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | a ancient people *obl:agent* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 4 | **know** | present | we | little |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer little=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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