---
title: It is believed that these are not made by them but were found in the… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: It is believed that these are not made by them but were found in the deserted cliff-dwellers’ homes. Who acts: Pueblos. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indians Who Live in Brick Houses, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every cla
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, The Indians Who Live in Brick Houses, sentence 46

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It is believed that these are not made by them but were found in the deserted cliff-dwellers’ homes.

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**Who acts:** Pueblos · **What happens:** believe, not make, find, desert · **To what, where:** plant, these, homes · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Indians Who Live in Brick Houses. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Pueblos), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:17:46
# text = It is believed that these are not made by them but were found in the deserted cliff-dwellers’ homes.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	believed	believe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	_
11	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
16	deserted	desert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
17	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	dwellers	dweller	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	’	's	PART	POS	_	19	case	_	_
21	homes	home	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | present · passive |  | plant |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **make** | present · passive | Pueblos *= pueblo* | these |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product |
| 3 | **find** | past · passive |  |  |  | the deserted cliff dwellers's homes |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF» |
| 4 | **desert** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn leave-51.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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