---
title: Among the Mokis the kiva, or estufa, as the Spanish call it, is unde… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Among the Mokis the kiva, or estufa, as the Spanish call it, is underground; among the Zuñis it is above the ground, but entered at the top by a ladder. Who acts: Spanish, Mokis kiva, estufa. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Moki Indians, with
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, The Moki Indians, sentence 14

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Among the Mokis the kiva, or estufa, as the Spanish call it, is underground; among the Zuñis it is above the ground, but entered at the top by a ladder.

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**Who acts:** Spanish, Mokis kiva, estufa · **What happens:** call, be, enter · **To what, where:** estufa, ground, top · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Moki Indians. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Spanish, Mokis kiva, estufa), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:18:14
# text = Among the Mokis the kiva, or estufa, as the Spanish call it, is underground; among the Zuñis it is above the ground, but entered at the top by a ladder.
1	Among	among	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Mokis	Mokis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	kiva	kiva	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	estufa	estufa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	nsubj	_	_
13	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	underground	underground	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
19	among	among	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	Zuñis	Zuñis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
22	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
24	above	above	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	entered	enter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	conj	_	_
30	at	at	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
33	by	by	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	ladder	ladder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present | the Spanish | estufa |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Recipient |
| 2 | **is** | present | the Mokis kiva or estufa |  |  |  |  | underground *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | estufa |  |  | the ground |  | among the Zuñis | tree rules |
| 4 | **enter** | past | the Mokis kiva or estufa *not said here* |  |  | the top |  | by a ladder | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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