---
title: In it is a sacred flat altar, usually surrounded by prayer-sticks ca… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: In it is a sacred flat altar, usually surrounded by prayer-sticks called bahos. Who acts: estufa, prayer sticks. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Moki Indians, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, The Moki Indians, sentence 15

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In it is a sacred flat altar, usually surrounded by prayer-sticks called bahos.

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**Who acts:** estufa, prayer sticks · **What happens:** be, surround, call · **To what, where:** sacred flat altar, bahos · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, The Moki Indians. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (estufa, prayer sticks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:18:15
# text = In it is a sacred flat altar, usually surrounded by prayer-sticks called bahos.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	sacred	sacred	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	altar	altar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	surrounded	surround	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	prayer	prayer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
15	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
16	bahos	baho	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | estufa |  |  | a sacred flat altar |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **surround** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by prayer sticks; usually *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **call** | participle | prayer sticks *not said here* | bahos |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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