---
title: The buffalo and antelope are gone from the prairie. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The buffalo and antelope are gone from the prairie. Who acts: buffalo. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Dakota or Sioux, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Dakota or Sioux, sentence 8

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The buffalo and antelope are gone from the prairie.

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**Who acts:** buffalo · **What happens:** be · **To what, where:** prairie

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Dakota or Sioux. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (buffalo), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:19:8
# text = The buffalo and antelope are gone from the prairie.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	buffalo	buffalo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	antelope	antelope	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	prairie	prairie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the buffalo and antelope |  |  | the prairie |  | go *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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