---
title: The stones fall black or red side up, and the betting on the number… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The stones fall black or red side up, and the betting on the number of black or red stones makes the game. Who acts: stones, betting. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Games, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Games, sentence 24

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The stones fall black or red side up, and the betting on the number of black or red stones makes the game.

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**Who acts:** stones, betting · **What happens:** fall, make · **To what, where:** black side, game

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Games. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stones, betting), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:20:24
# text = The stones fall black or red side up, and the betting on the number of black or red stones makes the game.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fall	fall	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	up	up	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	betting	betting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
17	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	conj	_	_
20	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
21	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | present | the stones | black side |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | present | the betting on the number of black stones | the game |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset game=Product |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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