---
title: The Indian boys have their pony races and running matches. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The Indian boys have their pony races and running matches. Who acts: Indian boys, boys. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Games, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Games, sentence 33

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The Indian boys have their pony races and running matches.

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**Who acts:** Indian boys, boys · **What happens:** have, run, race · **To what, where:** pony races

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Games. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indian boys, boys), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:20:33
# text = The Indian boys have their pony races and running matches.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	boys	boy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	pony	pony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	races	race	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	running	run	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	amod	_	_
10	matches	match	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the Indian boys | boys's pony races and running matches |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent race=Patient |
| 2 | **run** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **race** |  | boys *= boy* |  |  |  |  |  | nom race «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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