---
title: They have gardens of maize, squash, pumpkins, beans, and onions, and… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: They have gardens of maize, squash, pumpkins, beans, and onions, and some raise potatoes. Who acts: Indians, some. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Sioux and Chippewas of Minnesota, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Sioux and Chippewas of Minnesota, sentence 24

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They have gardens of maize, squash, pumpkins, beans, and onions, and some raise potatoes.

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**Who acts:** Indians, some · **What happens:** have, raise · **To what, where:** gardens, potatoes

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Sioux and Chippewas of Minnesota. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indians, some), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:21:24
# text = They have gardens of maize, squash, pumpkins, beans, and onions, and some raise potatoes.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	gardens	garden	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	maize	maize	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	squash	squash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	pumpkins	pumpkin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	beans	bean	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	onions	onion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	18	nsubj	_	_
18	raise	raise	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
19	potatoes	potato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Indians *= indian* | gardens of maize and squash and pumpkins and beans |  |  |  | onions *obl* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent garden=Patient |
| 2 | **raise** | present | some | potatoes |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent potato=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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