---
title: “His arms looked like wings, for plumed prayer-sticks were fastened… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: “His arms looked like wings, for plumed prayer-sticks were fastened to them in the Butterfly’s lodge. Who acts: arms. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Navajo Medicine Chant, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, A Navajo Medicine Chant, sentence 17

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“His arms looked like wings, for plumed prayer-sticks were fastened to them in the Butterfly’s lodge.

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**Who acts:** arms · **What happens:** look, plume, fasten · **To what, where:** plumed prayer sticks, arms, lodge

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Navajo Medicine Chant. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (arms), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:23:17
# text = “His arms looked like wings, for plumed prayer-sticks were fastened to them in the Butterfly’s lodge.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
8	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
9	plumed	plume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
10	prayer	prayer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	fastened	fasten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	obl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	Butterfly	Butterfly	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	’s	's	PART	POS	_	19	case	_	_
21	lodge	lodge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** *in a quote* | past | Butterfly's arms |  |  |  |  | like wings | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **plume** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **fasten** *in a quote* | past · passive |  | plumed prayer sticks | arms *= arm* | the Butterfly's lodge |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: subject=Patient to they=Co-Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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