---
title: Across the valley, on the trail of the lightning, he ran to the moun… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Across the valley, on the trail of the lightning, he ran to the mountains; and now, pure in face, in heart, and with white feet, the lightning led him home.” Who acts: trail, lightning. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Navajo Medicine Chant, wit
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, A Navajo Medicine Chant, sentence 29

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Across the valley, on the trail of the lightning, he ran to the mountains; and now, pure in face, in heart, and with white feet, the lightning led him home.”

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**Who acts:** trail, lightning · **What happens:** run, lead · **To what, where:** valley, trail

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Navajo Medicine Chant. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (trail, lightning), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:23:29
# text = Across the valley, on the trail of the lightning, he ran to the mountains; and now, pure in face, in heart, and with white feet, the lightning led him home.”
1	Across	across	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	trail	trail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	lightning	lightning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
19	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	pure	pure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	parataxis	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
29	with	with	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	lightning	lightning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nsubj	_	_
35	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
36	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	obj	_	_
37	home	home	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | past | trail |  |  | the valley |  | to the mountains; in heart | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source PP.destination PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent across valley=Initial\_Location to mountain=Destination in heart=Trajectory |
| 2 | **lead** | past | the lightning | trail |  |  |  | with white feet; home *property* | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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