---
title: They once believed that everything had its manitou, or spirit, which… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: They once believed that everything had its manitou, or spirit, which took care of it, but by their contact with the white people they have lost much of their fear of these manitous, and also much of their faith in their power. Who acts: Indians, everything, spirit, matter. A sentence of «Wigwam stor
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Introductory—indian Stories, sentence 5

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They once believed that everything had its manitou, or spirit, which took care of it, but by their contact with the white people they have lost much of their fear of these manitous, and also much of their faith in their power.

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**Who acts:** Indians, everything, spirit, matter · **What happens:** believe, have, take, lose, care, contact · **To what, where:** manitou, care, much · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Introductory—indian Stories. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indians, everything, spirit, matter), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:25:5
# text = They once believed that everything had its manitou, or spirit, which took care of it, but by their contact with the white people they have lost much of their fear of these manitous, and also much of their faith in their power.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	3	advmod	_	_
3	believed	believe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	everything	everything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	6	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	manitou	manitou	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	spirit	spirit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	_
15	care	care	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
19	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
20	by	by	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	contact	contact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
23	with	with	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	_
27	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
28	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
29	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	parataxis	_	_
30	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	obj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	33	nmod:poss	_	_
33	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
34	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	36	mark	_	_
35	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	36	det	_	_
36	manitous	manitous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
38	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	40	cc	_	_
39	also	also	ADV	RB	_	40	advmod	_	_
40	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	conj	_	_
41	of	of	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
42	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	43	nmod:poss	_	_
43	faith	faith	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	nmod	_	_
44	in	in	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
45	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	46	nmod:poss	_	_
46	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | past | Indians *= indian* |  |  |  |  | once *property* | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **have** | past | everything | matter's manitou |  |  |  | spirit *conj* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent manitou=Patient |
| 3 | **take** | past | spirit | care of matter |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent care=Theme |
| 4 | **lose** | present · perfect | Indians *= indian* | much of Indians's fear |  |  |  | by Indians's contact with the white people | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent much=Eventuality |
| 5 | **care** |  | matter |  |  |  |  |  | nom care «act intransitive»: of=agent |
| 6 | **contact** |  | Indians *= indian* |  |  |  |  | with the white people | nom contact «act transitive»: poss=agent with=obl |
| 7 | **fear** |  | Indians *= indian* |  |  |  |  |  | nom fear «feeling transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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