---
title: The white friend may be a hunter, and then his Indian guide will tel… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The white friend may be a hunter, and then his Indian guide will tell in his own way stories connected with objects seen by them in the forest, on the plain, or on the mountain. Who acts: white friend, Indian guide. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Introductory—indian Stories, sentence 7

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The white friend may be a hunter, and then his Indian guide will tell in his own way stories connected with objects seen by them in the forest, on the plain, or on the mountain.

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**Who acts:** white friend, Indian guide · **What happens:** be, tell, connect, see · **To what, where:** hunter, way stories, objects, forest · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Introductory—indian Stories. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (white friend, Indian guide), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:25:7
# text = The white friend may be a hunter, and then his Indian guide will tell in his own way stories connected with objects seen by them in the forest, on the plain, or on the mountain.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hunter	hunter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
10	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	15	advmod	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	guide	guide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	parataxis	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
17	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
18	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
21	connected	connect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	acl	_	_
22	with	with	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	objects	object	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	_
24	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	acl	_	_
25	by	by	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obl	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	on	on	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
35	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	38	cc	_	_
36	on	on	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | may | the white friend | a hunter |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | future | friend's Indian guide |  |  | friend's way stories | then | the plain or the mountain *parataxis* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **connect** | participle |  | friend's way stories *not said here* |  |  |  | with objects | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Patient with object=Co-Patient |
| 4 | **see** | participle |  | objects *not said here* |  | the forest |  | by stories *= story* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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