---
title: They laughed at their footprints in the clay, for they had left deep… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: They laughed at their footprints in the clay, for they had left deep holes everywhere. Who acts: children. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, II. How Clay Dishes Were First Made, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, II. How Clay Dishes Were First Made, sentence 7

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They laughed at their footprints in the clay, for they had left deep holes everywhere.

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**Who acts:** children · **What happens:** laugh, leave · **To what, where:** footprints, deep holes

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, II. How Clay Dishes Were First Made. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:27:7
# text = They laughed at their footprints in the clay, for they had left deep holes everywhere.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	laughed	laugh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	footprints	footprint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
14	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	everywhere	everywhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **laugh** | past | children *= child* |  |  | children's footprints |  | in the clay | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in clay=Theme |
| 2 | **leave** | past · perfect | children *= child* | deep holes |  |  |  | everywhere *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hole=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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