---
title: The chiefs said: “Leap from this trail in the valley to the top of L… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The chiefs said: “Leap from this trail in the valley to the top of Leaping Rock. Who acts: chiefs. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, III. Leaping Rock in the Pipestone Valley, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, III. Leaping Rock in the Pipestone Valley, sentence 13

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The chiefs said: “Leap from this trail in the valley to the top of Leaping Rock.

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**Who acts:** chiefs · **What happens:** say, leap · **To what, where:** trail · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, III. Leaping Rock in the Pipestone Valley. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chiefs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:28:13
# text = The chiefs said: “Leap from this trail in the valley to the top of Leaping Rock.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
5	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	Leap	leap	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	trail	trail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	Leaping	Leaping	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	Rock	Rock	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the chiefs |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **leap** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  | this trail |  | in the valley; to the top of Leaping Rock | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to top=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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