---
title: All the tribes believe that the water spirits cut this face on the r… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: All the tribes believe that the water spirits cut this face on the rock. Who acts: tribes, water spirits. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in the Rock, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in the Rock, sentence 16

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All the tribes believe that the water spirits cut this face on the rock.

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**Who acts:** tribes, water spirits · **What happens:** believe, cut · **To what, where:** face, rock · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in the Rock. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tribes, water spirits), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:29:16
# text = All the tribes believe that the water spirits cut this face on the rock.
1	All	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	3	det:predet	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	tribes	tribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	spirits	spirit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	cut	cut	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
10	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
11	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | present | all tribes |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **cut** | present | the water spirits | this face |  | the rock |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset face=Product |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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