---
title: The Dakotas believe that Toonkan, the oldest of all the gods, lives… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The Dakotas believe that Toonkan, the oldest of all the gods, lives in stone. Who acts: Dakotas, Toonkan. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in the Rock, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/29/19/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Wigwam stories told by North American…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/) / [IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in t…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/29/) / 19

# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in the Rock, sentence 19

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Dakotas believe that Toonkan, the oldest of all the gods, lives in stone.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Dakotas, Toonkan · **What happens:** believe, live · **To what, where:** stone · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in the Rock. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dakotas, Toonkan), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:29:19
# text = The Dakotas believe that Toonkan, the oldest of all the gods, lives in stone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Dakotas	dakota	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
5	Toonkan	Toonkan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	oldest	old	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	appos	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	12	det:predet	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
14	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | present | the Dakotas |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **live** | present | Toonkan |  |  | stone |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in stone=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [sentence 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/29/18/)
- next →: [sentence 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/29/20/)
- ↑ back to [IV. the Face of the Great Manitou in the Rock](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/29/)